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Both peptides increase growth hormone and IGF-1 levels, but they should not be considered interchangeable

KYNA can confer protection against excitotoxicity via glutamatergic antagonism, yet excessive levels may simultaneously impair cholinergic signalling through 7nAChRs, contributing to mood and cognitive dysfunction

These in vitro test systems generally consist of 3 fundamental components in the incubation stage: (i) the study drug, (ii) an abundant, readily detectable nucleophile, and (iii) a metabolizing system for bioactivation of drug to potential reactive metabolites (such as cofactor fortified S9 fraction, microsomes, or hepatocytes derived from human or preclinical species)

In 2024, he resigned as president of the Academy for Health and Lifespan Research after claiming that a supplement developed by a company his brother runs had reversed the age of dogs, a claim for which there was so little evidence that one scientist called it a lie. Part of the problem is that scientists still disagree on how to measure aging