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Evidence remains largely preclinical, with growing interest in translational applications for aging, metabolic disorders, and neurodegeneration

It remains classified as a research compound

Discussion Glycogen, the primary reservoir for surplus glucose, facilitates rapid energy mobilization during periods of energy deficit through its highly branched architecture, enabling simultaneous enzymatic cleavage at multiple sites 40,41

IU University of Applied Sciences ClinicalTrials.gov trial NCT06133530 intends to explore if daily 5.5 g human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)undigestible prebiotics from breast milk that nurture beneficial gut bacteria such as bifidobacteria, increase production of short, chain fatty acids, lower inflammation, and support immunity can mitigate the stresses of Antarctica winter over at Concordia Station (3200 m, ~ 12 months isolation/hypoxia simulating spaceflights immune weakening, glucose issues, bone loss) in a triple, blind randomized parallel study, healthy 18, 65yo adults are given either HMO powder or maltose placebo orally