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AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a sensor of cellular energy status, plays an energy stress-mediated protective role against ferroptosis ( Figure 1 The Potential Role of Ferroptosis in Lupus Immunity Most immune cell types are implicated in SLE pathogenesis, beyond the activation of B cells ( T cells in lupus patients have been correlated with abnormal mitochondrial hyperpolarization and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, which cause predisposition to death by necrosis ( + and CD8 + T cells that lack GPX4 would rapidly accumulate membrane lipid ROS, and undergo ferroptosis, leading to their inability to expand and protect against viral and parasite infections ( B cells are the central elements of humoral immunity and protection due to their ability to produce antibodies

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The supplement normalized citrate synthase and complex IV activity and enhanced mitochondrial resilience to oxidative stress, particularly in children with greater developmental impairment (Hill et al., 2025)

Bcomplex vitamins can pass into breast milk, and in usual nutritional doses they are generally considered compatible with breastfeeding