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Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the NADPH oxidase (Nox) system constitute the two major enzymatic sources of ROS under hyperglycemic conditions and are central to the oxidative injury driving DR development (60, 61)

After 2 days of culture (approximate doubling time of the cells), the cell monolayer was scratched to make a wound using a plastic micropipette tip, which was performed in the wound healing assay

Reduced concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-2 and IL-1, were also reported

Confirming our previous results, each of the mutations R 392 A, F 471 A or Y 473 A, abolished the TRAF6 interaction with LMP1 in HEK293 cells, whereas the K 469 A mutation had no negative effect on the interaction between the two proteins