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Despite that mitochondria are exposed to the generation of oxidant species, the existence of an efficient antioxidant defense system, of which mGSH is a critical component, prevents or repairs oxidative damage generated during normal aerobic metabolism (Mari et al., 2013)

Glutathione is naturally produced by the liver and plays a crucial role in detoxification, immune function and skin health

R -ALA was synthesized through the resolution of racemic ALA by enzymatic esterification of the carboxylic group, which consists of four carbon atoms away from the stereogenic center (Scheme 21)

Generally, glutamine can be converted in the mitochondria to supplement the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, or it can be completely oxidized to produce ATP