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excretion of Urinary pantothenic acid 1 mg/d indicates deficiency Biotin Levels 1.02 nmol/l indicate Literature values are variable and inconsistent Plasma biotin deficiency Normal levels are 35 14 Urinary biotin nmol/d Minerals and trace elements: Calcium Serum calcium Normal levels are 2.22.6 Poor indicator of status, as 1% of body cal- cium is in serum and serum level is under tight mmol/l physiologic control Low levels may indicate negative calcium bal- Ionized (unbound) serum Normal levels are 1.171.29 ance calcium mmol/l Urinary calcium Normal levels are approxi- Insensitive index of body stores, as levels fall mately 200300 mg/d for only if deficiency is advanced men, 150250 mg/d for Superior to serum levels because the portion women of blood magnesium that is ionized is not af- fected by conditions that alter serum proteins Magnesium Normal levels are 0.751.05 Levels may reflect tissue levels Serum magnesium mmol/l Normal levels are 0.50.66 A sensitive measure of status Serum ionized magne- mmol/l sium Leukocyte magnesium Normal levels are 3.04.0 Urinary magnesium 0.09 fmol/cell Excretion of 1 mmol/d indi- Sodium cates deficiency Serum sodium Normal levels are 135145 mEq/l Appendix III 259 Micronutrient Values Comments Urinary sodium Normal levels are 130260 Level varies with dietary intake mEq/d Potassium Normal levels are 3.55.1 An index of tissue potassium stores Serum potassium mmol/l Level varies with dietary intake Normal levels are approxi- Erythrocyte potassium mately 100 mmol/l red blood level cells Normal levels are 26123 Urinary potassium mmol/d Zinc Levels 10.7 mol/l indicate Levels are decreased in moderate to severe Serum zinc deficiency

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10.1038/jes.2015.9 60 WilkeB