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doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1614297 Received 09 May 2025 Accepted 16 June 2025 Published 26 June 2025 Volume 19 - 2025 Edited by Katarzyna Stachowicz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Reviewed by Antonio Gambardella, University of Magna Graecia, Italy Qinrui Li, Peking University Peoples Hospital, China Updates Copyright 2025 Shi, Yang, He, Wang, Zheng, Wang, Hao, Feng, Ma, Zhang and Liu

1 Introduction Berberine (C 20 H 18 NO 4 , IUPAC name: 16,17-dimethoxy-5,7-dioxa-13-azoniapentacyclo [11.8.0.0 2,10 .0 4,8 .0 15,20 ] henicosa-1(13),2,4(8),9,14,16,18,20-octaene, PubChem CID: 2353), an isoquinoline quaternary alkaloid, isolated from different medicinal plants with a molar weight of 336.36 g/mol, including Hydrastis canadensis , Xanthorhiza simplicissima , Berberis aristata , Coptis chinensis , Coptis japonica , etc