l-carnitine fumarate vs tartrate Triple Complex, 3000 mg per daily serving L-Carnitine Fumarate Powder | Amino

Glossary COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ROS Reactive oxygen species OXPHOS Oxidative phosphorylation mtROS Mitochondrial ROS PGC1- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha CNKI China National Knowledge Infrastructure MMP Mitochondrial membrane potential NAD Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide FAD Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide ETC Electron transport chain CoQ10 Coenzyme Q10 Cytochrome c Cytochrome c Oxidase HIFs hypoxia-inducible factors PKB/AKT Protein Kinase B PTEN Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog RIPK1 Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 RIPK3 Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 3 AMPK AMP-activated Protein Kinase HIF-1 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha mTOR Mammalian Target of Rapamycin SOD Superoxide dismutase CAT Catalase GPX Glutathione peroxidase MnSOD Manganese superoxide dismutase FAO Fatty acid oxidation CPT1A Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Drp1 Dynamin-Related Protein 1 Ser616 Serine 616 PINK1 PTEN-Induced Kinase 1 MitoTEMPO Mitochondria-Targeted Tempo LPO Lactoperoxidase TFAM Mitochondrial transcription factor A cGAS Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase STING Stimulator of Interferon Genes NLRP3 NOD-like Receptor Pyrin Domain Containing 3 MT-ATP6 Mitochondrially Encoded ATP Synthase Membrane Subunit 6 nDNA nuclear DNA TGF-1 Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Ub Ubiquitin LC3 Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 NIX Nip3-like protein X BNIP3L BCL2-interacting protein 3 like BNIP3 BCL2-interacting protein 3 FUNDC1 FUN14 domain containing 1 BH3 Bcl-2 Homology 3 Atg8 Autophagy-related protein 8 March5 Membrane Associated Ring-CH-Type Finger 5 Mfn Mitofusin Opa1 Optic Atrophy 1 INF2 Inverted Formin 2 Spire1C Spire-type Actin Nucleation Factor 1C MID49 Mitochondrial Dynamics Protein 49 MIEF1 Mitochondrial Elongation Factor 1 PGC-1 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha SIRT1 Sirtuin-1 PRMT1 Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 PKA protein kinase A TIM23 Translocase of the Inner Membrane 23 FNIP1 Folliculin Interacting Protein 1 FLCN Folliculin TFEB Transcription Factor EB CS Cigarette Smoke CSE Cigarette Smoke Extract PKM2 Pyruvate Kinase M2 NEAT1 Nuclear Enriched Abundant Transcript 1 NOX4 NADPH Oxidase 4 Nrf2 Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 PRKN parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase HFL1 Human Fetal Lung Fibroblast 1 HBECs Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells IL-6 Interleukin-6 TNF- Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha USP19 Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 19 Fis1 Fission 1 16HBE 16 Human Bronchial Epithelial pDRP1 Phosphorylated Dynamin-Related Protein 1 ATII Alveolar Type II Cells NAC N-acetylcysteine MLE12 Mouse Lung Epithelial 12 CIHH Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-Hypercapnia TPP Triphenylphosphine MitoQ Mitoquinone HUVECs Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ASM Airway Smooth Muscle SOD2 Superoxide Dismutase 2 FOXO3 Forkhead Box O3 TQ Thymoquinone 3-MA 3-Methyladenine PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Mdivi-1 Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 ERK1/2 Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 NF-B Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells GHK-Cu Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine-Copper LPS Lipopolysaccharide AICAR 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide CREB cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein References 1 AborayaD

Paternoster R, Brame R, Mazerolle P, Piquero A

Oral LC is the most convenient method of application

Experimental models include isolated perfused hearts (Langendorff), ex vivo working heart preparations, in vivo echocardiography with metabolic phenotyping, transgenic models affecting carnitine metabolism (OCTN2 knockout, CPT-I variants), and large animal models of myocardial infarction