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It is rapidly converted to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) within the mitochondria and cytosol ( (2) The Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System (MEOS): This pathway involves the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde in the mitochondria, converting NADPH and O 2 into oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) and H 2 O, while simultaneously producing ROS ( 2 O 2 ) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) ( (3) Other Oxidative Pathways: These include reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-catalase (CAT) and xanthine oxidase-catalase (XO-CAT) systems (Zima et al., 2001)

While their primary mechanism involves inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidney, their cardioprotective effects in MIRI are thought to be mediated by multiple pathways, including a significant contribution from reducing oxidative stress and inflammation (Pham et al., 2024

These levels were significantly reduced in the CMH@lip@TCeO 2 and CMH@lip@Res groups, with the CMH@lip@Res-TCeO 2 group showing the most pronounced decrease

In a mouse model of ischemic stroke, Benakis et al