Analytical methods include dynamic light scattering (DLS) for particle size, zeta potential measurement for surface charge, encapsulation efficiency quantification, and stability assessments under relevant conditions
There have been isolated reports of more severe side effects including allergic reactions
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Abbreviations ASX: Astaxanthin ADI: Acceptable daily intake ALP: Alkaline phosphatase AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CNS: Central nervous system CIAKI: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury COX-2: Cyclooxygenase DM: Diabetes mellitus DPPH: 2:2-Diphenly-1-picrylhydrazyl EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid EFSA: European food safety authority FPE: Food processing effluent GGPS: Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase Ig: Immunoglobulin iNOS: Inducible nitrogen oxygen species IL: Interleukin IPP: Isopentyl pyrophosphate MMPs: Matrix metalloproteinases MVA: Mevalonate pathway MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction NDES: Natural deep eutectic solvents MEP: Non-mevalonate pathway NLRP3: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 PCL: Polycaprolactone PDS: Phytoene desaturase PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 PLE: Pressurized liquid extraction ROS: Reactive oxygen species SFE: Supercritical fluid extraction SNEDDS: Self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems TAGs: Triacylglycerols TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha UAE: Ultrasound-assisted extraction UPE: Ultrahigh pressure extraction UV: Ultra-violet VHb: Vitreoscilla hemoglobin ZDS: -Carotene desaturase References Abdelazim K, Ghit A, Assal D, Dorra N, Noby N, Khattab SN, Hussein A (2023) Production and therapeutic use of astaxanthin in the nanotechnology era
