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The specific mechanism of the protein sparing effect of L-carnitine is detailed in Fig

For example, valproic acid treatment can exhaust carnitine in the body through various mechanisms, like increased removal via urine, reduced absorption in the kidneys, and decreased natural production

Positive effects in enhancing cognitive function have also been found in older people not affected by any neurodegenerative disease and in people with alcohol addiction

Borum, , Benjamin Toby Wall, Craig Porter (editors), Carnitine homeostasis in humans , page 4, Carnitine Metabolism and Human Nutrition Carnitine likely functions in maintaining homeostasis in many metabolic pathways and physiological conditions, with carnitine's role in energy metabolism homeostasis being the best studied