the testretest coefficient for the total scale (Spearman's correlation) was r=0.92.82 Validity was explored by examining correlations with exposure to waterpipe smoke toxicants (ie, carbon monoxide (CO) and nicotine) and waterpipe use frequency and significant relationships were found for some but not all factors.82 Based on results with all three samples, the LWDS-11 appeared to have satisfactory psychometric properties and indicated that nicotine/tobacco dependence in waterpipe tobacco smokers can be measured, and, as with cigarette smokers, is multidimensional with aspects related to positive and negative reinforcement.82 A social dimension may be unique to WTS, and those users who are not nicotine/tobacco dependent may be occasional smokers who engage in the behaviour to relax or improve morale.82 A subsequent study on a much larger sample of WTS university students in Lebanon (760 individuals completed the LWDS-1183) confirmed the four dimensions of the scale, though one item (income, see table 2) loaded on psychological craving instead of physiological dependence
Immunomodulatory properties of macrolides: overview and historical perspective
16AWG WireThis male plugs came with a heavy 16 gauge wiring,which is heavy enough for any application drawing power from a 12V outlet which are generally limited to 10A
Features like built-in air purifiers (with large batteries, e.g., 4000 mAh ) address odor and secondhand smoke concerns, enhancing customer comfort and perceived cleanliness
