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But criminal charges are not an effective way of connecting mothers to drug treatment, and end up punishing the poorest mothers, said Wendy Bach, a law professor at the University of Tennessee, who has studied women who were prosecuted for substance use during pregnancy

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2018), for example, recommends behavioural support in combination with pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation

One of the most effective ways to tackle youth smoking is by increasing the price of cigarettes through taxes

State and local governments can implement sales restrictions to limit the level of nicotine in tobacco products sold in their jurisdictions