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Pulmonary function testing shows air-trapping within the lungs, measured with total lung capacity (TLC) or residual volume (RV) or the ratio RV/TLC) as seen on chest X-ray (CXR)

While the toxic chemicals and heavy metals consumed during smoking are to blame for these destructive health risks, nicotine -- the substance that makes smoking so addictive -- is often disruptive to another aspect of health entirely: sleep

Arturo Fuente

The WHO identifies four big behaviors that can change your risk of developing CVD: Poor diet Low exercise Excessive alcohol consumption Smoking These behaviors generally lead to other undesirable indicators of health, including obesity, hypertension, high blood sugar, and increased cholesterol