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Heavy smokers (12.4 8.4 cigarettes per day, n = 11) have found that e-cigarettes, especially those from the 1st generation, were unsatisfactory because delivery of nicotine was ineffective as compared with conventional cigarettes 22

Legal markets suffer as untaxed and unregulated products have significant competitive advantages over high-priced legal products

William Dorsey Pender, a Confederate leader slain at Gettysburg

Consistent with the above, Results from animal experiments suggest that chronic nicotine exposure, whether through minipumps, intravenous self-administration, or other delivery methods, results in dependence characterized by withdrawal symptoms such as somatic signs, anxiety, and anhedonia, as indicated by an elevated reward threshold 19,20,21