2023 census cigarette smoking behaviour by ethnic group regional council Rates Country and Gender in some selected countries (as of 2025). Indonesia has the highest smoking rate in the world, especially among men (72.8%). Smoking is deeply embedded in Indonesian Socioeconomic Disparities in E-Cigarette Use:

Socioeconomic Disparities in E Cigarette Use: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Equity Implications Current Addiction Reports Springer Nature Link Long term exposure to wildfire smoke and mortality: Heterogeneous effects by exposure metric and across subpopulations PNAS Major disparities in smoking rates based on ethnicity, income and sexual orientation: Surgeon general ABC7 Los Angeles Cigarette Smoking Patterns Among Racial and Ethnic Groups With Chronic Lung Diseases During the COVID 19 Pandemic AJPM Focus

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