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E cigarette use to reduce cigarette smoking may not increase nicotine dependence Penn State University Validity and Reliability of Four Instruments for E Cigarette Dependence and Sensory Factors in E Cigarette Use and Correlations Between These Measurements Banu Aslan, Ozgur Onal, 2026 Prevalence of use, perceptions of harm and addictiveness, and dependence of electronic cigarettes among adults in Kuwait: A cross sectional study Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (ECDI) in a Colombian Sample

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